Abstract: The hierarchy of coupled Boussinesq equations related to a 4×4 matrix spectral problem is derived by using the zero-curvature equation and Lenard recursion equations. The characteristic polynomial of the Lax matrix is employed to introduce the associated tetragonal curve and Riemann theta functions.The detailed theory of resulting tetragonal curves is established by exploring the properties of Baker–Akhiezer functions and a class of meromorphic functions. The Abel map and Abelian differentials are used to precisely determine the linearization of various flows. Finally, algebro-geometric solutions for the entire hierarchy of coupled Boussinesq equations are obtained.